Background: In Bangladesh, marriage has been nearly universal. The legal age of marriage in Bangladesh is 18 for girls and 21 for boys. However, about two-thirds of the women aged 20-24 were married before age 18. Despite some successes, the society is still facing the practices of early marriage severely. Therefore, new policy perspectives, new programs and new dimension of study are needed to know the real facts regarding early marriage and take possible strategies and actions to way forward. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional comparative study conducted in a rural community of Habashpur Union, Pangsha Upazilla, Rajbari and urban community of AGB colony, Motijheel, Dhaka. A total of 384 participants took part in the study, 251 from rural setting and 133 from urban setting. Results: The mean age of the urban respondents was 27.17 (±5.89) years and that of the rural respondents was 29.37 (±6.62) years. At the time of marriage mean age of the respondent in urban group was 19.71 (±1.995) years and in rural group the mean age was 15.14 ((±1.214) years. This difference was statistically significant in favor of urban respondents. More than 90% respondents in rural group got married before 18 years of age while opposite phenomenon is noted in urban group. Among the marital age subgroup analyses statistical significant differences were noted. The differences were statistically more significant between the urban and rural groups. Conclusion: Logistic regression analysis showed that husbands and their wife’s education, religion and monthly family income of the respondents before marriage were significantly associated with the age at marriage and fertility consequences of Bangladeshi women

Background:The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was first diagnosed in Wuhan, China in late December of 2019. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has a large negative psychological effect and mental health issues worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. The unexpectedly rapid spread of COVID -19 endowed HCWs with increased work burden, lack of personal protective equipment, high risk of exposure and contracting the diseases, as well as increased mortality amongst HCWs. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carry out to assess the Mental Health status of the professionals working with Covid-19 at Hospital in Dhaka. Primary data were collected through field survey including the observation and interview method. This survey, were covered doctors, nurses and Medical technicians in all clinical departments of Kuwait Bangladesh Friendship Government Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka between 1st May to July 30th, 2021. Mental health variables were assessed via Somatic Symptom scale-8 (SSS-8). Results: We found that the highest 36.11% age group was 25-34, 51.85% healthcare professional are female and 48.15 % are male, 86.11% of healthcare professional are married, 12.96 % are single and 0.93% are widowed, 92.59 % health professionals are full time worker, 4.63 % are hourly basis and 2.78% are part time, 20.37 % are doctor, 37.0 % are nurse, 8.33 % are laboratory technician and 24.07% are supporting staffs. The overall level on Mental Health Burden of the respondents, 40.60% respondents opinion were No to minimal as well as 34.10% respondents opinion were Low, whereas 4% respondents opinion were Medium, how over 19% respondents opinion were high and 2.30% respondents opinion were Very high on Mental Health Burden foe COVID-19 patient care. Somatic symptom burden as measured by the SSS-8 was significantly associated with only one of the factors, Headaches (p= 0.009 [95% CI, .0755571 to .5202732]). The other 7 variables were not significantly associated since none could justify a p- value less than .05 at 95% confidence interval. From the analysis we found certain prevalence of psychological symptom among the health care professional during Covid-19 situation. Conclusion: Healthcare professional need adequate equipment, health protection, optimum working environment. This information or data is very essential. The data is essential in mental health department, in case of policy making, in the long run where second outbreak of Covid-19 occur.

Failure to conceive within one or more years of regular unprotected coitus is defined as Infertility. Tubal blockage is one of the most common causative factors in female infertility. The prevalence is 19.1% in the fertility age group. This condition is not described in Ayurvedic classics as itself tubal blocks but Blockages of fallopian tubes can be better correlated with Vandhyatvadue to Artavbijavahasrotavrodha (Blockages in fallopian tubes). All three doshas are responsible for causing blockages. Normalizing the vitiated Vata-kapha-doshaleads to restoration of tubal function and easy conception. Here are two cases with bilateral tubal blockage which were treated successfully with certain Ayushakti herbal remedies and Uttarbasti (Intrauterine enema) with Ksharbasti. Recording and publishing this data is worthwhile as there are minimum chances of complication with assured results. With this treatment we can definitely avoid unnecessary use of hormones and IVF protocol and can give cost effective and promising results

SARS-CoV-2, a newly emergent virus is the responsible agent for causing Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is an outgoing pandemic. Test for SARS-CoV-2 is necessary not only to confirm the cases but also to control its transmission. To diagnose Covid-19, Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 is used. A retrospective, cross sectional research was conducted in Brahmanbaria Medical college to find out the prevalence of RT-PCR positivity in suspected COVID-19 patients presented from July, 2021 to August, 2021 in the Department of Microbiology. Data was collected from the registry book of the Department of Microbiology. Among the total suspected samples (n=2025), about 1145 (56.54%) cases found positive. Among the positive cases, 59% were symptomatic, and 41% were asymptomatic. Out of the total confirmed cases, 487 (42.53%) were male & 658 were (56.54) % female. Among the confirmed cases, total recovery cases were 1057 (92.3 %) and death cases were 88 (7.7%). More death was observed in age group between 51-60 years. More than half of the positive cases with a medium number of asymptomatic population indicate a high chance of disease transmission. Female being the more vulnerable group of getting infected and age group above 50 years were more prone to succumb.

By 2008, it was estimated that there were about 12.7 million new cases of cancer worldwide, resulting in 7.6 million deaths. We are aware of the heterogeneity that exists and that it is impossible to link its development in any organ to a single pathophysiological mechanism. The greatest risk factor for developing cancer is aging, as age is directly proportional to accumulated aberrations and exposure to carcinogens. Most cancers occur in people who have no overt immunodeficiency. It is evident, then, that tumor cells must develop mechanisms to escape or evade the immune system in immunocompetent hosts. The main mechanisms of innate immunity against viruses are inhibition of infection by type I interferons and NK cell-mediated death of infected cells. The hypothesis is that perhaps the ability of epigenetic modification, which varies from virus to virus, is not exclusively reduced to the ability to activate genes that lead to cancer; but also randomly empower the organism to activate tumor suppressor genes.

Background: Malaria is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases worldwide and India has fourth highest number of malaria cases and deaths in the world. Prevention of the disease through better knowledge and awareness is the appropriate way to keep the disease away and remain healthy. Thus, the present study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding malaria among residents of urban slum area of Kolkata. Method: A Community based cross sectional study was conducted among 300 residents in Tangra area, urban slum area of Kolkata. The data was collected by using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire which include socio-demographic data, basic knowledge about malaria, transmission and preventive measures and health seeking behaviour regarding malaria through interview method. Result: Results revealed that they had good knowledge regarding malaria symptoms and treatment (92.67%), methods of prevention (86%) and diagnosis (70.67%). Most respondents did not avail government health services or DDT spray. Even with a satisfactory knowledge some misconceptions persisted. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents were familiar with the malaria symptoms, mode of transmission and vector control measures. Awareness on malaria diagnosis, preventive methods, presumptive treatment and DDT acceptance is required for improving malaria control practices. The quality of services from government health facilities must be patient friendly for better utilization of the services.

Background: The proportion of Diabetes is becoming more aggregate around the universe, and it is linked to both genetic and environmental causes. Because of the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes among young people, the number of pregnancies with this problem has increased. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the proportion of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) among the pregnant mothers and their socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out and sample size was calculated using the formulae of (n= Z2pq/d2). The calculated sample size was 376 and purposive sampling technique was used for data collection. A semi-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic and obstetrics details were used as a study tool and an interview schedule was used for data collection. Results: Out of total 369 pregnant 33.33% GDM found within the age group 26-30 years, 24.83% within the age group 16-20 years, 25% within the age group 21-25 years, 10.41% within the age group of 31-35 years, and 10.41% GDM found within the age group more than 35 years. The pregnant women minimum age was 17.00, maximum 40, range 23, mean and SD was 25.69(±5.43) years. Higher rate of GDM present in class (VI – XII) and degree/PG educational qualification and positive family history of diabetes mellitus of pregnant women’s was 40.16%. Highest number of pregnant women diagnosed as a GDM came from Urban as well as 64.58% and lowest number of pregnant women came from rural area 35.4%. Highest number of pregnant women 87.5% and 12.5% pregnant women diagnosed as a GDM reason was overweight and Obese Class- I. The proportion of GDM was 12.76%. When the socio-demographic and obstetrics details of mothers were compared among GDM and normal mothers it was found that there was highly statistically relationship was observed between pregnant women’s diagnosed as a GDM and Types of family, Monthly family Income, Educational qualification of participants, Occupation of participants, BMI while highly statistically relationship was observed in Family history, Abortion, Meal in 24 hours, feel any Sickness, Physically active, GDM in previous pregnancy and Age at first marriage (p=0.000). Conclusions: Frequency of GDM seems alarming in Bangladesh. The findings show that socio-demographic and obstetric factors have an impact on the proportion of GDM.

Signet ring cell adenoma is a rare thyroid neoplasm which usually present as a solitary nodule. Histopathologically it can very well be mistaken for a metastatic signet ring cell lesion, as both of them shows cells with intracytoplasmic vacuole and eccentrically pushed nucleus. The intracytoplasmic vacuole in signet ring cell adenoma stain positive for thyroglobulin which help in confirming the diagnosis. Here we describe a case of signet ring cell adenoma of thyroid in a 46-year-old female with its cytological, histological and immunohistochemical features.